Brain tumors often bring a gloomy picture to mind. The term “tumor” refers to any abnormal lesion in the brain. It can be benign, meaning it does not spread and usually does not affect life expectancy, or malignant, meaning it can spread and has a tendency to recur.
Even benign brain tumors may require surgery due to their location, as they can compress vital brain structures, leading to symptoms.
Malignant brain tumors can present with a variety of symptoms. The most common malignant tumors are those that spread from cancers in other parts of the body. These can also originate primarily from brain tissue, commonly referred to as “gliomas.” Gliomas are classified into four grades (1 to 4), with grades 1 and 2 generally having favourable outcomes, while grades 3 and 4 are associated with poorer prognosis.
A tumor can be labelled benign or malignant only after a biopsy is performed, and even grading of tumors requires a surgical biopsy. Often, the biopsy is performed at the same time as tumor removal, accomplishing both diagnosis and treatment in a single procedure.
Symptoms of a brain tumor may include headache, vomiting, weakness in the limbs, speech abnormalities, seizures, vision problems, and behavioural changes. Hormonal disturbances can also indicate an underlying brain tumor. The diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors have improved significantly over the years, with the current aim focusing not only on accurate diagnosis but also on enhancing the patient’s quality of life.
Technological advancements have significantly improved the safety of patients undergoing brain tumor surgery. Advanced MRI scans enable precise pre-operative assessment of tumors, aiding in better prognostication. Neuronavigation has emerged as a vital tool, providing real-time visualization of surgical instruments on MRI images, which allows for safer and more effective tumor removal. Intraoperative nerve monitoring further helps prevent injury to critical cranial nerves.
The life expectancy and quality of life of brain tumor patients have improved significantly. Malignant tumors often require adjuvant therapies such as radiation and chemotherapy to prevent recurrence. Modern chemotherapy drugs and advanced radiation techniques have enhanced outcomes while minimizing side effects. A holistic, multidisciplinary approach ensures the best results, even in high-grade tumors.
Newer technologies, including intraoperative MRI, improve the extent of tumor resection, thereby increasing the chances of cure. Gamma Knife radiosurgery is another effective modality, often used as a primary treatment option for small tumors.
At present, there is a lack of awareness about brain tumors among the general population. Discussions on treatment options and surgical safety in public forums are essential to ensure that patients who need early intervention can access effective care. Early diagnosis remains a critical factor in determining overall outcomes and improving quality of life.
The writer is Director – Neurosurgery & Neuro Spine, BLK-Max Super Speciality Hospital, Delhi