New Delhi: Supreme Court judge Sanjay Kishan Kaul on Monday recommended setting up of an “impartial truth and reconciliation commission” to probe and report on human rights violations by both state and non-state actors in Jammu and Kashmir since the 1980s, saying the “wounds need healing”.
Justice Kaul delivered a separate but concurring verdict upholding the Centre’s decision to abrogate provisions of Article 370 bestowing special status upon the erstwhile state of J&K.
Justice Kaul, who hails from the erstwhile state, said men, women and children there have paid a heavy price due to the volatile situation, and during his travels he observed the consequences of inter-generational trauma on an already fractured society.
“I cannot help but feel anguish for what people of the region have experienced and am constrained to write this Epilogue,” he said in his 121-page verdict.
On the human rights violations of the people of the restive region, he said there have been numerous reports documenting these incidents over the years.
Justice Kaul said truth-telling provides an opportunity for the victims to narrate their stories, which facilitates an acknowledgement from those responsible for perpetuating the wrongs, and from society as a whole and this paves the way for reconciliation.
He said though there were different ways of achieving these objectives, truth and reconciliation commissions have been particularly effective globally.
Justice Kaul said South Africa’s truth and reconciliation commission was set up to investigate human rights violations perpetrated during apartheid and it served as a means of “reckoning or catharsis for victims, and fostered peace-building”.
He said in the past, calls for setting up a truth and reconciliation commission have also been echoed by different sections of the Kashmir valley.
“In view of the in-roads made globally, and endogenous requests for truth and reconciliation, I recommend the setting up of an impartial truth and reconciliation commission. The commission will investigate and report on the violation of human rights both by State and non-State actors perpetrated in Jammu & Kashmir at least since the 1980s and recommend measures for reconciliation,” he said.
“In order to move forward, the wounds need healing,” Justice Kaul said, adding, this commission should be set up expediently, “before memory escapes”, and the exercise should be time-bound.
“There is already an entire generation of youth that has grown up with feelings of distrust and it is to them that we owe the greatest duty of reparation. At the same time, considering the significance of the matter and the sensitivities involved, it is my view that it is for the government to devise the manner in which this should be set up, and to determine the best way forward for the commission,” he said.
Former Jammu and Kashmir chief minister Omar Abdullah has been making demands for establishing a truth and reconciliation commission in the state for addressing the issues related to both Pandit and Muslim communities affected by protracted violence.
In his verdict, Justice Kaul said he was alive to the challenge that recommending such a panel was beyond the realm of the court.
“However, I am of the view that transitional justice, and its constituents, are facets of transformative constitutionalism. Globally, constitutionalism has evolved to encompass responsibility of both state and non-state actors with respect to human rights violations,” he noted.
“This includes the duty to take reasonable steps to carry out investigations of violations. It is in this context that the proposed truth and reconciliation commission accords with constitutionalism,” Justice Kaul said.
He said the Constitution of India is designed to ensure that courts offer justice in situations where fundamental rights have been violated and in doing justice, historically, the courts have been sensitive to the social demands of our polity and have offered flexible remedies.
Referring to the apex court’s Vishaka verdict, Justice Kaul noted it had issued guidelines to address workplace sexual harassment in the absence of a law which operated until the Parliament enacted the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.
“As a word of caution, the commission, once constituted, should not turn into a criminal court and must instead follow a humanized and personalized process enabling people to share what they have been through uninhibitedly,” he said.
Justice Kaul said it should be based on dialogue, allowing for different viewpoints and inputs from all sides.
“Taking a leaf out of South Africa’s book, the principles of ‘ubuntu’, or the art of humanity, and inclusiveness should be central to the process. This will facilitate a reparative approach that enables forgiveness for the wounds of the past, and forms the basis of achieving a shared national identity,” he said.
Justice Kaul added that the commission was only one of the many avenues towards the goal of systemic reform.
“It is my sincere hope that much will be achieved when Kashmiris open their hearts to embracing the past and facilitate the people who were compelled to migrate to come back with dignity. Whatever has been, has been but the future is ours to see,” he said.
Justice Kaul also said that “God and nature have been very kind to Kashmir valley. Unfortunately, the human species has not been so considerate. The 1980s saw some troubled times culminating in the 1987 elections, which saw allegations and counter-allegations.”
He said there was a growth in fundamentalism fuelled from across the border, and the 1971 creation of Bangladesh was not forgotten.
“Unemployed and frustrated youth were trained as militia and were sent back into Kashmir to create chaos. It was a major change for people who, irrespective of faith, were known for peace and tolerance. The Kashmiri Shaivism and Islamic Sufism were taken over by such militant tendencies,” Justice Kaul said.
“There was a mass exodus of the Kashmiri Pandit community, threatened for their life and property, changing the very cultural ethos of Kashmir. There has been little turn-back despite three decades on this issue,” he said, adding it was a proxy war on the territory of India with “active support from across the border”.
Justice Kaul noted in order to curtail the activities of terrorists, either from across the border or indigenous, the armed forces and paramilitary forces were brought in.
“The kidnapping of the daughter of the then Home Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, and her subsequent release in exchange for terrorists detained, lit the last match, which produced such unprecedented fire that it engulfed the whole valley,” he noted.
“The bottom-line is that today’s generation aged 35 years or younger have not seen the cultural milieu of different communities, which formed the very basis of the society in Kashmir,” the judge said.
Justice Kaul said re-establishment of democracy was sought to be affirmed by the elections held in 1996.
He noted there have been constant endeavours thereafter to find a peaceful solution to the Kashmir problem, with former Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao stating that “…sky is the limit” for autonomy of the state, and Atal Bihari Vajpayee raising the slogan of “Insaniyat, Jamhuriyat, Kashmiriyat” (humanism, democracy, inclusive culture of Kashmir with amity between Hindus and Muslims).
“Legend has it that eons ago Kashmir valley was a vast mountain lake called ‘Satisar’ and that Rishi Kashyap created the valley of Kashmir by draining this lake,” Justice Kaul noted at the start of his verdict.
